Indiv. Given the clear evidence that positional spending among poor people squeezes their basic consumption, threatens their subsistence, and brings long-term unintended consequences to future generations, policies are needed that can discourage positional consumption among the extremely poor without discriminating against the poor. Differ. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00495.x, Hawke, L., Barbic, S., Voineskos, A., Szatmari, P., Cleverley, K., Hayes, E., et al. It encourages people to interpret the world in a meaningful way. Officials may want to monitor the impacts of anti-poverty efforts using a relative poverty line that rises with per capita income or consumption. 40, 10751084. This provided additional evidence for the negative effect of relative deprivation on adolescent life satisfaction. Descriptive statistics were computed for demographic data and all study variables. Outcomes of belief in just world among victims of natural and man-made disaster: Moderating role of resilience. Pers. Figure 2. Eur. J. Behav. Relative deprivation, social exclusion, and quality of life among Chinese internal migrants. And the composition of reference groups can be quite different in different contexts. While absolute poverty can be reduced by raising the income of the poor, reducing relative poverty requires egalitarian measures. (1999). In the past, evidence on relative deprivation has come mainly from developed countries. 39, 559573. Psychological resilience reduces the effect of COVID-19 on stress and increases happiness levels (Peker and Cengiz, 2021). The Justice Motive as a Personal Resource: Dealing With Challenges and Critical Life Events. PDF Relative deprivation and individual well-being - wol.iza.org Table 1. Relative deprivation studies quantify the discontent people feel when they compare their socio-economic status, measured by income, consumption, or other indicators of perceived economic welfare, with that of their richer counterparts and realize that those others possess something that they do not have. 5, 164172. When people respond to this condition by competing for higher status, they often divert resources from meeting basic needs to inefficient spending on status-seeking goods. doi: 10.1007/s11205-008-9350-4, Shu, Z., Zhang, D., and Wang, X. . Soc. doi: 10.1080/00207590903165067, Scholz, D., and Strelan, P. (2021). Citation numbers are available from Dimensions, University Institute of Psychological, Social and Life Sciences (ISPA), Portugal, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States. 57, 799823. doi: 10.22381/jsme9420213, Schmitt, M., Maes, J., and Widaman, K. (2010). SF revised the manuscript and analyzed the data. (2020). When just-world beliefs promote and when they inhibit forgiveness. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671, Callan, M. J., Kim, H., and Matthews, W. J. 168, 110349. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110349, Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., et al. In the context of today's digital economy, assessing the relationship between digital literacy and the subjective happiness of rural low-income groups is of great practicality. 5, 748752. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4. Sci. Indic. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24043-9, Dalbert, C., and Stoeber, J. There is a wellknown Chinese adage sit down to enjoy one's dinner, stand up to rail at inequity, which suggests that although some people may live a better life than others, their total dissatisfaction may have increased (Zhang et al., 2009). People who are unable to maintain the same standard of living as others around them experience a sense of relative deprivation that has been shown to reduce feelings of well-being. Soc. Financ. doi: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1937656, Pettigrew, T. (2015). Relative deprivation and individual well-being: Low status and a To minimize this risk, policymakers should be aware of the boundaries of intensive social interactions that matter for relative deprivation. Pers. Cognitive attitudes, behavioral choices, and purchasing habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Relative deprivation theory and responses to discrimination in a gay male and lesbian sample. Soc. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. This outcome was expected because the model is essentially equivalent to the hypothesised model. Sci. The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3, Luthar, S. S., and Cicchetti, D. (2000). Relative Deprivation as a Factor of Sociopolitical Destabilization The most widely accepted theory, relative deprivation, suggests that revitalization movements may occur when a significant proportion of a society finds its status and economic circumstances trailing those of the rest of society, even if the dissatisfied group has a relatively high standard of living according to independent economic measures The results of bootstrap method for indirect effects were shown in Table 3. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a 5-item questionnaire (Pavot and Diener, 1993) that has been applied worldwide to assess global life satisfaction (e.g., So far I have gotten the important things I want in my life). Table 3. 14, 148158. This study discovered the mediating roles of belief in a just world and resilience between relative deprivation and life satisfaction. Relative deprivation: a theoretical and meta-analytic review. The true reference group is rarely known, which likely biases measures of relative deprivation. Relative deprivation and individual well-being Subjective well-being is based on achieving momentary well-being, happiness or general life satisfaction, while objective well-being is based on achieving basic needs and rights such as health status. Several policy instruments have the potential to reduce relative deprivation and thus to relieve its wide range of negative impacts. Increasing wealth inequality may increase interpersonal hostility: the relationship between personal relative deprivation and aggression. J. Pers. Positional consumption can be taxed in proportion to how much its value depends on relative consumption. (2020). The epidemic does have a negative impact on our lives (Hawke et al., 2020; Liang et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2020), but the COVID-19 crisis and related lockdown measures do not only have a negative impact (Ahrens et al., 2021; Tul et al., 2021; Waters et al., 2021). Keywords: relative status, relative poverty, relative deprivation, health, happiness, well-being Pros Strong evidence finds a negative impact of relative deprivation on both objective and subjective dimensions of well-being. This study was funded by the Research Project on Curriculum Reform of Teacher Education in Henan Province in 2021 (Grant Number 2021-JSJYYB-038), Scientific Research Project of Tianjin Education Commission (Grant Number 2017SK142), and Jiangsu Provincial Key Constructive Laboratory for Big Data of Psychology and Cognitive Science (Grant Number 72592162001G). doi: 10.1007/BF01086515, Hafer, C., and Olson, J. Well-being and relative deprivation in a digital era - PMC The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped people's cognitive attitudes, behavioral choices, values, and expectations (Birtus and Lzroiu, 2021; Rydell and Kucera, 2021; Watson and Popescu, 2021). Finding ordinary magic in extraordinary times: child and adolescent resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents rated items on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (not true at all) to 5 (true nearly all the time). Visibility-based consumption tax refers to a type of tax whose rate is in proportion to how visible a commodity is. Surprisingly, poor villagers in China usually spend no less money on gifts per event and attend no fewer ceremonial occasions than their richer counterparts [9]. In the Republic of Congo, fathers spend their money on alcohol and cigarettes rather than on primary school fees or anti-malaria bed nets for their children. doi: 10.1037/a0015952, Connor, K., and Davidson, J. Individ. 26, 139145. The China Puzzle: Falling Happiness in a Rising Economy - Journal of Moreover, both belief in a just world and resilience significantly predicted life satisfaction (B = 0.12, t = 7.25, p < 0.001 for belief in a just world and B = 0.12, t = 9.48, p < 0.001 for resilience) (Table 2). and transmitted securely. Each item is scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Int. Eur. Relative deprivation offers a plausible explanation for the paradox that average happiness has remained constant or even fallen despite sharp rises in income. Psychol. Higher summed scores across items indicate higher level of esilience. Sci. Thirdly, it was worth noting that indirect effects were small, given that they are multiplicative terms and will be smaller than their constituent effects. 23, 601619. The results showed a negative effect of relative deprivation on belief in a just world, B = 1.56, t = 6.32, p < 0.001, and a negative effect of relative deprivation on resilience, B = 0.91, t = 3.04, p < 0.001. 15, 14751484. In this study, there were 787 respondents; 134 (17%) were male, and 653 (83%) were female. The alternative model 2 generated the same results as the hypothesized model. Recent empirical studies in China also suggest that villages are salient reference groups for rural residents, while relatives and classmates are salient reference groups for urban residents [5], [6]. Relative deprivation and health: Which reference groups matter? 32, 178. doi: 10.1123/tsp.2016-0068, Walker, I. Download Table | Migration, Relative Deprivation, and Happiness. Participants experienced personal RD as the difference between own rewards and the re- wards of a fictitious other player. 91, 841852. Some studies have shown that socioeconomic status is a strong determining factor of satisfaction in life domains (Gtmez and Morcl, 1994), that household income has a significant effect on Chinese life satisfaction (Shu and Zhu, 2009), and that perceived personal status discrepancy has a negative correlation with life satisfaction (Zagefka and Brown, 2005). 157, 766776. Psychol. In impoverished rural communities in central China, this regulation targets village leaders who are often the most active in hosting lavish ceremonies and presenting gifts. Relative deprivation based on occupation: An effective predictor of Chinese life satisfaction. Econ. Soc. Analysis of reciprocity between mental health status and academic achievement under the protective effect of psychological resilience in junior school students in earthquake-hit area. Psychol. Dev. Relative deprivation is the lack of resources (e.g. Ann. For example, the purchase of a luxury car would be subject to a higher rate of visibility-based tax than the purchase of an ordinary, less status-signaling car. For example, average income by geographic area might also measure local public goods provision, which confounds the negative impact of relative deprivation on well-being [3], [4]. Additionally, resilience mediated the relationship between relative deprivation and life satisfaction, effect = 0.11, 95% CI (0.19, 0.04), which accounted for 6.40% of the total effect. And while absolute poverty has been declining in most countries, relative deprivation and relative poverty have been rising. Digital literacy and subjective happiness of low-income groups official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Secondly, two-item measure was employed for relative deprivation. Belief in a just world: research progress over the past decade. Relative deprivation theory proposes that one's perception of being in a disadvantaged situation can induce a sense of relative deprivation, which comes accompanied by negative cognitions and emotions, including judgments of unfairness, anger, and resentment, which further lead to decreased life satisfaction (Smith et al., 2012 ). Pers. The results of this study suggested that the mediating effects of belief in a just world and resilience may contribute to understanding the relationship between relative deprivation and life satisfaction in a sample of Chinese students. doi: 10.24818/EA/2021/58/601, Olsson, C. A., Bond, L., Burns, J. M., Vella-Brodrick, D. A., and Sawyer, S. M. (2003). Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor - Nature Psychol. In fact, researchers have frequently shown that the more people believed in a just world, the higher their subjective wellbeing level was. Substantial ethnographic evidence on traditional societies documents that social interactions at the village level are more appropriate for studying relative deprivation than those at the city block, census track, school, or classroom level. Visibility-based consumption taxes and community sanctions may promote well-being by curbing status-seeking spending driven by relative deprivation. Fostering children's resilience. Ignoring such psychological factors may underestimate the negative effect of relative deprivation. Russo, S., Murrough, J., Han, M.-H., Charney, D., and Nestler, E. (2012). Fourthly, because of the limited sample size and gender imbalance, these findings may not represent the entire college students. doi: 10.1023/A:1022091609047, Dalbert, C. (2001). Weakly relative poverty. Review of Economics and Statistics 93:4 (2011): 12511261 [13]. There was a positive relationship between belief in a just world and resilience, B = 0.62, t = 14.72, p < 0.001. Associations of relative income deprivation with perceived happiness It may also cause individuals to experience strong feelings of stress and depression, increase their risk of disease and promote adoption of risky behaviors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, binge eating, or drug abuse. The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Graham C, Chattopadhyay S, Picon M. The Easterlin and other paradoxes: Why both sides of the debate may be correct. Samuel stouffer and relative deprivation. 7 This pattern is often cited as a rationale for paying attention to people across the income distribution because a narrow focus on people with very low . Competing for higher status often diverts resources to inefficiently high status-motivated spending. Relative Deprivation and Deprivation Theory - ThoughtCo (2012). World Psychiatry 20, 140141. 12, 2131. J. D. Wright (Oxford: Elsevier), pp. People with strong belief in a just world are more motivated to perceive relative deprivation as fair than those with weak belief in a just world (Hafer and Olson, 1989). For example, when economic growth leads to an unbalanced increase in individual income, the worsening relative deprivation among the poor will offset some of the welfare gains to them that result from higher absolute income. The number of studies that incorporate status into the theoretical framework to rationalize individual choices has been rising in recent decades. How does relative deprivation influence Chinese migrant adolescents Psychol. Studies for China and the US recommend tailoring psychological services and community-based activities to reduce relative deprivation and promote social integration for disadvantaged individuals [5], [8]. . As a significant individual difference variable, resilience is also an important part of individual's psychological defense system (Xu et al., 2018). government site. Relative deprivation reflects conditions of worsening relative poverty despite remarkable reductions in absolute poverty in recent decades. Relative deprivation arises from a comparison of oneself with other individuals in a society and usually triggers psychological reactions such as chronic stress (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2007) and justice-related responses (Smith et al., 2012) toward the perceived inequities. Resilience is a dynamic construct that refers to positive adaptation in the face of adversity (Luthar et al., 2000) and the capacity to cope successfully with risk factors (Stewart et al., 1997). In addition, selecting reference groups is less straightforward in modern societies, where information flow is efficient and individuals may move frequently during their lifetime. The author also wishes to thank Bob Frank, Ravi Kanbur, and Xiaobo Zhang for guidance, joint research, and comments on the topic. Bull. Overwhelming evidence suggests negative impacts of relative deprivation on a wide range of health measures, such as life expectancy in developed countries (including Japan, the UK, the US, and countries in Eastern Europe); coronary heart disease and cancer in the UK; self-reported health status in China [5] and the US [7]; diet and exercise in the UK; mortality rates, health-related limitations, body mass index, and risky health behaviors in the US [3], [7]; psychosocial health in China [5]; and health-compromising behavior among people in the US [8] and psychosocial stress-induced injuries among non-human primates in the lab.
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