what caused the anglophone crisis pdf

We contend that while the pandemic can exacerbate the Anglophone crisis, the crisis can also affect the virus spread. The conflict is complicated. In response, most educational institutions have been abandoned, keeping over 780,000 children out of school. WebGSJ: Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2020, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 Source: adapted from Macias (2013), This is a case study research that is qualitative, exploratory, analytical, and descriptive. Ngoh J (2001) Southern Cameroons, 1922-1961: a constitutional history, Aldershot. Civil War in Cameroon Is Escalating - Foreign Policy As of December 2018, an estimated 34% of health facilities in both regions were not functioning (Craig 2020). 03. Considering only 40% of the humanitarian assistance needed in the region has been provided (Craig 2020), a CDE would completely swarm the local, national, and international response with dire repercussions to the destitute population. Webthe image of their Anglophone peers or discrediting them in so many domains for the sake of self-aggrandizement, while another group of Anglophone civil servants openly or hiddenly work against the interests of Anglophone communities so as to protect their interests. Webhas exploded into a violent crisis, questioning the legitimacy of the central government of the country. Abstract. PDF How political instability affected Nepals disaster preparedness. (Fig.2).2). Suh C, Sparks J, Fitton J, Ayonghe S, Annen C, Nana L. The 1999 and 2000 eruptions of Mount Cameroon: eruption behaviour and petrochemistry of lava. With over 20,000 health indicators, CE-DAT aims to share operational health data collected for planning, monitoring, and evaluation of humanitarian aid. These issues have long-term implications for increased illiteracy and poverty. 2017). The Anglophone Crisis WebAnglophone regions, household access to fields will continue to be limited. An official website of the United States government. Anglophone crisis Further investigations on the potential dynamics and complexity that may arise when complex emergencies and disasters occur simultaneously and the implications for societal vulnerabilities would be beneficial to the humanitarian community. Rights group says over 100 villages burnt in Cameroons Anglophone regions. Likewise, communities perceived to be in support of the security forces are at the mercy of the militia groups. The motive is to identify the eruption frequency in order to determine the available time window prior to the next eruption (Molist 2017). The Catholic Church could mediate between Anglophone militants and the state, but clergy have espoused clashing views on key issues. Following the outbreak of World War I, the Allied forces led by British, French and Belgian troops attacked arguments as to its origins and causes. In fact, complex emergencies were the most frequent disaster forms in sub-Saharan Africa between 2008 and 2018 (USAID 2018). Received 2020 May 26; Accepted 2022 Jan 14. The response was the insurgence of armed secessionist groups since January 2018, who have been demanding the independence of the Anglophone regions aka the Ambazonia Republic. Secondary sources of information included published peer and non-peer review articles, books, manuals, newspaper articles, letters from civil society organisations and opinion leaders from the public/private sector, comments from political activists, technical reports, press releases, survey data in humanitarian databases such as CE-DAT9, and information from local, national, and international TV stations. Governments overreaction is jeopardising the decent work of the non-governmental organisations with implications for the survival of the affected population. For the international humanitarian community also, strategic contingency plans that articulate a stronger coordination, collaboration, crisis communication, and increased accountability with other stakeholders would be needed. WebThis paper unravels governments implication in the radicalization of the Anglophone Crisis that broke out in late 2016 and degenerated into what has been otherwise termed the An introduction to its methodology. Cameroons Gross Domestic Product growth rate, which was 5.8 in 2015 prior to the crisis, was downgraded to 3.9 in 2019 (World Bank 2017; IMF 2019). Description. To expedite military victory, the government increased its fire power by deploying helicopters and armoured vehicles and numerically reinforced its elite special forces. The government, therefore, has the obligation to protect the Bafut Royal Palace and preserve its artefacts, since the palace is one of the most significant historical and cultural heritage sites in the country. Cameroon eruption in the crises region, and (4) based on the findings from (1)(3), to conceptualise a new complex The conflict has triggered the request for urgent funding needed to meet massive humanitarian needs (UNICEF 2019). Journal of International Humanitarian Action, Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Acute high-intensity conflict: level is higher than the countrys baseline of violent events, Concentrated forms of conflict-induced refugees and internally displaced persons, Chronic, low intensity of armed and fatal political violence, Vulnerability to climate change-induced hazards, High level of poverty: marginalised region, Medium-to-high level of displacement: internal, short term, and circular, Chronic food insecurity: collapse of market and price hikes, High level of civic violence: rioting and protesting, High level of exposure to climate change hazards, High level of unemployment and high percentage of the under-serviced population, Unstable demographic dynamics: rural-urban migration and urban refugees, Acute food insecurity: seasonal price hikes, Absence of central authority and protracted conflict with multiple non-state actors, Severe vulnerability to climate change-induced reoccurring and sudden disasters, High level of poverty and collapse of state and local economies, Chronic food insecurity and famine: food availability, Communaut financire d'Afrique (French) or Financial Community of Africa, Gestion des Risques Naturels et Protection Civile (French) or Natural Risk Management and Civil Protection, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Department of Safety and Security, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund. The risk of atrocities will continue if the root causes of the conflict, including poor quality of government services, weak governance and marginalization of parts of the population by a highly centralized state, remain unaddressed. The crisis has had dire socio-cultural, economic, and political consequences. WebAnglophone Crisis has gone a long way to show that some Anglophones are the enemies of Anglophones. The ramification of Cameroons Anglophone crisis: Decree No. View PDF. As for the Advanced Level students, they entered high school in September 2017 when the crisis had affected the region for almost a year. Traditional rulers and custodians of the cultures and traditions of the Anglophone region (particularly those perceived to be collaborating with the government) have been publicly attacked, beaten, kidnapped, or killed. Anglophone Crisis World Report 2022: Cameroon | Human Rights Watch Cameroon eruption overlaps with the established acute complex emergency. Konings P, Nyamnjoh F. The anglophone problem in Cameroon. More international pressure is needed for the opposing sides to make concessions in order to reverse the spiral of violence and eventually stop the conflict. Humanitarian assistance in review: West Africa | Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 2017. This can rapidly be achieved through rational, sensible, reasonable, and inclusive political dialogue with the secessionist leaders, mediated by agreed-upon third parties. Crisis Therefore, the following assumptions were made: (1) the criterion for environmental/climate change-induced hazards/disasters in the framework has been rated as low relevance since the Anglophone crisis is not due to environmental/climate change; (2) when considering Type of Instability, the number of years of conflict five mentioned against political instability is not a key factor considering the Anglophone crisis has not reached 5 years when this paper was written; (3) the slum population mentioned against Urban complex emergency is likened to the displaced population living in the bushes. Others have been abandoned because their staff are afraid of being kidnapped or caught in the crossfire (UNOCHA 2018; Egeland 2019). We believe there is still enough time to avert a full-blown civil war in the Cameroons if the government can embark on a peaceful path towards resolving the crisis. Natural disaster, conflict, and humanitarian rights: tracing the connections. University education has also been affected in the regions two Anglo-Saxon universities. This article has revealed the conspicuous horrendous consequences of the crisis. WebTHE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS 5 to begin with.The Cameroonian government defense forces also repelled a separatist attack on Dadi, a village near Mamfe. 2017). A few months later, 8 chiefs in Fako Division were kidnapped.26 Inevitably, dozens of tribal chiefs went into hiding and currently live out of their palaces (JournalduCameroun 2018b; Kindzeka 2018). WebThis is a timeline of the Anglophone Crisis during 2021. That would solve a historical wrong committed first in 1961 WebThe current economic impact of the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon brings back painful memories to the people of Northwest and southwest of Cameroon. Forth, contingency evacuation plans should be set up that identify the poorest and most marginalised communities that would be prioritised for relocation, relief, and rehabilitation purposes. Foyou V, Ngwafu P, Santoyo M, Ortiz A. What is the Anglophone crisis? The recommendations challenge Cameroons DM frameworks and both internal and external humanitarian actors to embrace and expand their knowledge base on potentially more complex humanitarian crises. UNICEF has so far supported more than 140,000 children; provided 30,000 children with psychological support identified 972 displaced and unaccompanied children and plans to reunite them with their families; and supplied water, sanitation, and hygiene kits to over 78,000 people (UNICEF 2019). Bang H, Mbah M, Ndi H, Ndzo J. Gauging Cameroons resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for enduring a novel health crisis. government site. First, timely and effective risk assessment (to determine additional resource needs) in preparation for a potential CDE is needed to identify the underlying patterns of vulnerability and enhance the resilience of the affected population. The Anglophone Crisis: The Rise of Arms Trafficking and Download Free PDF. Communities in areas where the armed groups operate dread the presence of security forces, alleged to kill indiscreetly in communities hosting separatist fighters. Anderson M, Gerber M. Introduction to humanitarian emergencies. WebAn extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.Such an event is identified by a sharp change in the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms.It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the background extinction rate and the rate of speciation. The national dialogue held in October 2019 to end the crisis has not yielded much fruits. In February 2018, armed men killed the supreme chief of the Balondo people in Ekondo Titi (South West Region). Political instability and/or conflicts negatively impact preparedness, response, and recovery from natural hazard-induced disasters. In villages that are conflict hotspots, around 80% of the inhabitants have escaped and sought refuge in the bushes/forest. Anglophone problem WebDownload Cameroon S Anglophone Crisis PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. In a typical geopolitical expression, the crisis is marked by territorial contestation (that is; between the separatists and the government over No-So), a phenomenon otherwise known in geopolitical studies as territoriality. Notably are the Southern Cameroons Liberation Council12, the Ambazonia Governing Council, and the Ambazonia Defence Council (ICG 2019; AFP 2018; JournalduCameroun 2020). The most hit areas are Boyo and Meme Divisions of the North West Region and the South West Region respectively (Fig. Complex emergencies-Research Brief No.16. The Anglophone Crisis is an ongoing armed conflict in the Republic of Cameroon in Central Africa , where historically The inability to enforce security, control communication/transportation channels, and gain the trust of the conflict-ridden population could further impede the response abilities of the government. Many are frightened to continue working normally and have been seeking to leave the country. Basic statistical analysis reveals an average of around 18-year interval between eruptions. However, being proactive to prevent human-induced conflict is paramount. Hide Footnote The government denied even the existence of a crisis in the Anglophone regions and still denies there is any Anglophone problem. 26The eight chiefs kidnapped from Fako Division were the chiefs of Woteva, Wokwei, Wokeka, Wokaka, Ewili, Liwuh la Malale, and Lysoka. Webschools amid the Anglophone crisis. 3. 01/04/2021. These hazards would seriously threaten nearby population centres and villages (Tsafack et al. However, in 1972, Cameroons pioneer president (Ahmadu Ahidjo) changed the federal structure of the country in favour of a unitary state called United Republic of Cameroon. 2019a). This report consolidates information from a wide range of available secondary data sources on the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon, including UN agencies, NGOs, the World Bank, This article seeks to address these issues by analysing the Cameroon Anglophone crisis. One of Africas newest struggles for liberation: Cameroons Anglophone crisis, which emerged from legal and education grievances in 2016, rapidly escalated into a secessionist political conflict that is threatening the unity of the country, with potential to degenerate into a complex emergency. The government continues to predominantly use military means to resolve the crisis and separatists seem to have vowed to continue fighting for independence. 8 millio. After four years of civil war in Anglophone Cameroon, state and rebel forces have refused to engage in serious dialogue while citizens and children suffer in crossfire. WebRESOLVING THE ANGLOPHONE CONFLICT IN CAMEROON: WHAT PROSPECTS? - Acute high-intensity conflict: level is higher than the countrys baseline of violent events, - Concentrated forms of conflict-induced displacement: refugees and IDP settlements, - Short-term distribution for displaced persons, - Open negotiation of a humanitarian access with all the conflict actors, - High coordination between the NGOs and agencies, events higher than the country baseline of recorded events and fatalities, Acute disasters lasting 1 to 15 days (flood, drought, storm, insect infestation, wildfire), High poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population), Multiple ethnic groups Demographic pressure, - Chronic, low intensity of armed and fatal political violence, - Vulnerability to climate change-induced hazards, - High level of poverty: marginalised region, - Medium-to-high level of displacement: internal, short term, and circular, - Chronic food insecurity: collapse of market and price hikes, Continued presence in the region and food aid, - Aid to facilitate the resumption of agricultural activities, - Aid for long-term adaptation to climate change, - Plan for integration of conflict parties, Low and persistent level of violent events recorded over 5 years, High level of climate-related hazard exposure, Chronic and long-lasting disasters of over 15 days (drought, floods) with protracted impacts on climate features (rainfall patterns, etc. Thousands of people have fled to the predominantly French-speaking region and across the border into Nigeria. This research has revealed the following ramifications of the Anglophone crisis: armed conflict between several secessionist militia groups and government security forces resulting to thousands of fatalities, massive population displacement leading to internally displaced persons and refugees, and violence, insecurity, and human rights violations. The Anglophone Side of the Anglophone Problem and Crisis The Anglophone crisis has added to the other humanitarian emergencies in Cameroon. The restive region massively boycotted the October 2018 presidential elections and the February 2020 Municipal and Legislative elections that came on the heels of a national dialogue to resolve the Anglophone crisis. The Anglophone crisis is one of Cameroons several humanitarian crises that has been raging in the countrys North West Region and South West Regionalso called the Anglophone region, since 2016. 2The Anglophones have always complained that ever since the union in 1961, the Francophones dominate the state executive, the legislature, and the judiciary including key institutions and government ministries. The site is secure. Since independence, the Anglophones have staged several protests against perceived unfair economic and institutional discrimination, marginalisation, and inequality in the appointment of public administrators.2 This has often caused a periodic outburst of violence, especially when government forces attempt to repress protesters (Chereji and Lohkoko 2012). 6Crises that go through a series of phases, where peace and war alternate over an extended period. Cameroon: how language plunged a country into deadly conflict Effective emergency response has necessitated collaboration and cooperation, albeit with challenges, between national governments, international organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the civil society to address the problems created by humanitarian crisis and complex emergencies (Streamlau 1998). They call for a ceasefire or total end of the Webing plagued by a terrible crisis. OPINION: Africas next full-blown war can still be averted. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Such concurrent events would overwhelm the humanitarian response requiring even more humanitarian assistance. In this study, Twitter, a public social media platform, was used as a source of data and information to gain insight into how the Cameroon Anglophone Crisis impacts public health in the population. Cameroon (March 2020) kept the inhabitants of the neighbouring Buea town extremely worried, given the economic and psychosocial damage that emanated from it. The article aims to provide an early warning signal of a contemporary emergency of higher magnitude in the restive region if a rapid-onset hazard intersects the Anglophone crisis. Global Responses to Cameroons Anglophone Crisis: The Mogadishu), - Investment for agriculture productivity, Constant high level of violent events and fatalities recorded with periods of over 5 years of acute conflict, Long-lasting disasters of over 15 days (drought, floods), Political instability is defined as that produced by both armed and unarmed conflict directed towards a political target or goal. 4A recent mudslide from Mt. Indeed, any major damage of commercial export crops on the plantations by lava flow, as has been the case in the past, or disruption of farming activities, may have huge cascading effects that could stifle Cameroons economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragile state of Cameroons health system (Bang et al. WebThe Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: A Geopolitical Analysis. This article serves as an early warning for a potential CDE in the South West Region that could further complicate the existential acute complex emergency. We have posited that a major eruption would dramatically escalate the crisis to an astronomical level, conceptualised as CDE. Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2021 12The Southern Cameroons Liberation Council is under the auspices of the self-declared Ambazonia Interim Government. In order to prevent the outbreak of an armed uprising, Cameroons president must go beyond superficial measures by urgently implementing key reforms and pursuing inclusive, high Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. WebIn view of this escalating crisis, this article will investigate how the Anglophone problem in Cameroon might be brought to bear upon the African theological debate by examining issues of violence, marginalisation and fragmentation within the two English-speaking areas of Cameroon. This article uses the Robert Strauss Centres complex emergency framework as a benchmark to investigate the Anglophone crisis in order to assess whether the prevailing variables, factors, and consequences of the 4-year-old conflict can be conceptualised as a complex emergency. Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. 2017). Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Some political jobs were created and filled by Anglophones for the first time in Cameroons historyAnglophones were appointed as Ministers of Territorial Administration and Secondary Education. WebThe Anglophone crisis has generated a broader debate about the best way to manage Cameroons diversity, which is one of Africas highest. 2016 when the anglophone crisis started, Mark Bareta has been publishing regularly on his Facebook page straight news, opinion pieces and readers contributions, exclusively about the con ict. The Anglophone crisis in Cameroon is growing deadlier. Sixty-seven per cent of complex emergencies worldwide occur in Africa where there has been a surge in complex emergencies in the past three decades (Culver et al. Meeting the basic needs of the population like having at least two meals per day is a daunting prospect for the vulnerable population. Prog Disaster Sci 11. The government has failed to reconcile the sharp differences coined around linguistic identities inherited from the Anglophone Cameroon is the present-day North West and South West (English Speaking) regions of Cameroon herein referred to as No-So. Cameroon is already 2 years into its window of eruption, which could extend to 2032 or beyond. Marzoli A, Picirillo E, Renne P, Bellieni G, Iacumin M, Nyobe J, Tongwa A. World heritage site attacked in Cameroon. WebTimeline of the Anglophone Crisis. 2019b). 2008; Wantim et al. Moreover, over 623,400 refugees fleeing intermittent violence perpetrated by armed groups in the Central African Republic since 2013 have settled in neighbouring countries including Cameroon (UNHCR 2020b). Soldiers fire on, loot Bafut Royal Palace. Pettersson T, Wallensteen P. Armed conflicts, 1946-2014. Extinction event Anglophone crisis Government security forces have been accused of using excessive force, extrajudicial killings, torture, and ill-treatment of suspected separatists and detainees. In addition, the reduction of input subsidies by the government and agro-industrial companies will contribute to below-average national cocoa and palm oil production, since the productive share of these regions was 70 and 47 percent, Second, contingency planning for effective crisis communication is a critical consideration especially in Buea where strategic/critical institutions essential to DM are located. In short, the complexity of the existential Anglophone crisis would increase, escalating the established acute complex emergency to a higher level conceptualised as CDE. 2017). For context, professional jobs are hard to access in

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